JavaScript String Methods
Posted: Fri Oct 27, 2023 9:07 am
JavaScript String Methods
String length
String slice()
String substring()
String substr()
String replace()
String replaceAll()
String toUpperCase()
String toLowerCase()
String concat()
String trim()
String trimStart()
String trimEnd()
String padStart()
String padEnd()
String charAt()
String charCodeAt()
String split()
Note
String search methods are covered in the next chapter.
JavaScript String Length
The length property returns the length of a string:
Example
let text = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
let length = text.length;
Try it Yourself »
Extracting String Parts
There are 3 methods for extracting a part of a string:
slice(start, end)
substring(start, end)
substr(start, length)
JavaScript String slice()
slice() extracts a part of a string and returns the
extracted part in a new string.
The method takes 2 parameters: start position, and end position (end not included).
Example
Slice out a portion of a string from position 7 to position 13:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(7, 13);
Try it Yourself »
Note
JavaScript counts positions from zero.
First position is 0.
Second position is 1.
Examples
If you omit the second parameter, the method will slice out the rest of the string:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(7);
Try it Yourself »
If a parameter is negative, the position is counted from the end of the string:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(-12);
Try it Yourself »
This example slices out a portion of a string from position -12 to position -6:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(-12, -6);
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String substring()
substring() is similar to slice().
The difference is that start and end values less than 0 are treated as 0 in
substring().
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substring(7, 13);
Try it Yourself »
If you omit the second parameter, substring() will slice out the rest of the
string.
JavaScript String substr()
substr() is similar to slice().
The difference is
that the second parameter specifies the length
of the extracted part.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(7, 6);
Try it Yourself »
If you omit the second parameter, substr() will slice out the rest of the
string.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(7);
Try it Yourself »
If the first parameter is negative, the position counts from the end of the
string.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(-4);
Try it Yourself »
Replacing String Content
The replace() method replaces a specified value with another
value in a string:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("Microsoft", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The replace() method does not change the string it is called on.
The replace() method returns a new string.
The replace() method replaces only the first match
If you want to replace all matches, use a regular expression with the /g flag set. See examples below.
By default, the replace() method replaces only the first match:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft and Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("Microsoft", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
By default, the replace() method is case sensitive. Writing MICROSOFT (with
upper-case) will not work:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("MICROSOFT", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
To replace case insensitive, use a regular expression with an /i flag (insensitive):
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace(/MICROSOFT/i, "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
Regular expressions are written without quotes.
To replace all matches, use a regular expression with a /g flag (global match):
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft and Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace(/Microsoft/g, "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
You will learn a lot more about regular expressions in the chapter JavaScript Regular
Expressions.
JavaScript String ReplaceAll()
In 2021, JavaScript introduced the string method replaceAll():
Example
text = text.replaceAll("Cats","Dogs");
text = text.replaceAll("cats","dogs");
Try it Yourself »
The replaceAll() method allows you to specify a
regular expression instead of a string to be replaced.
If the parameter is a regular expression, the global flag (g) must be set, otherwise
a TypeError is thrown.
Example
text = text.replaceAll(/Cats/g,"Dogs");
text = text.replaceAll(/cats/g,"dogs");
Try it Yourself »
Note
replaceAll() is an ES2021 feature.
replaceAll() does not work in Internet Explorer.
Converting to Upper and Lower Case
A string is converted to upper case with toUpperCase():
A string is converted to lower case with toLowerCase():
JavaScript String toUpperCase()
Example
let text1 = "Hello World!";
let text2 = text1.toUpperCase();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String toLowerCase()
Example
let text1 = "Hello World!"; // String
let text2 = text1.toLowerCase(); // text2 is text1
converted to lower
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String concat()
concat() joins two or more strings:
Example
let text1 = "Hello";
let text2 = "World";
let text3 = text1.concat(" ", text2);
Try it Yourself »
The concat() method can be used instead of the plus operator.
These two lines do the same:
Example
text = "Hello" + " " + "World!";
text = "Hello".concat(" ", "World!");
Note
All string methods return a new string. They don't modify the original string.
Formally said:Strings are immutable: Strings cannot be changed, only replaced.
JavaScript String trim()
The trim() method removes whitespace from both sides of a string:
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trim();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimStart()
ECMAScript 2019 added the String method trimStart() to JavaScript.
The trimStart() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the start of a string.
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trimStart();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimStart() is supported in all modern browsers since January 2020:
Chrome 66
Edge 79
Firefox 61
Safari 12
Opera 50
Apr 2018
Jan 2020
Jun 2018
Sep 2018
May 2018
JavaScript String trimEnd()
ECMAScript 2019 added the string method trimEnd() to JavaScript.
The trimEnd() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the end of a string.
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trimEnd();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimEnd() is supported in all modern browsers since January 2020:
Chrome 66
Edge 79
Firefox 61
Safari 12
Opera 50
Apr 2018
Jan 2020
Jun 2018
Sep 2018
May 2018
JavaScript String Padding
ECMAScript 2017 added two new string methods to JavaScript: padStart()
and padEnd() to support padding at the beginning and at the end of a string.
JavaScript String padStart()
The padStart() method pads a string from the start.
It pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given length.
Examples
Pad a string with "0" until it reaches the length 4:
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padStart(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Pad a string with "x" until it reaches the length 4:
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padStart(4,"x");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The padStart() method is a string method.
To pad a number, convert the number to a string first.
See the example below.
Example
let numb = 5;
let text = numb.toString();
let padded = text.padStart(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Browser Support
padStart() is an ECMAScript 2017 feature.
It is supported in all modern browsers:
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Safari
Opera
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
padStart() is not supported in Internet Explorer.
JavaScript String padEnd()
The padEnd() method pads a string from the end.
It pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given length.
Examples
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"x");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The padEnd() method is a string method.
To pad a number, convert the number to a string first.
See the example below.
Example
let numb = 5;
let text = numb.toString();
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Browser Support
padEnd() is an ECMAScript 2017 feature.
It is supported in all modern browsers:
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Safari
Opera
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
padEnd() is not supported in Internet Explorer.
Extracting String Characters
There are 3 methods for extracting string characters:
charAt(position)
charCodeAt(position)
Property access [ ]
JavaScript String charAt()
The charAt() method returns the character at a specified
index (position) in a string:
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text.charAt(0);
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String charCodeAt()
The charCodeAt() method returns the unicode of the character
at a specified index in a string:
The method returns a UTF-16 code (an integer between 0 and 65535).
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text.charCodeAt(0);
Try it Yourself »
Property Access
ECMAScript 5 (2009) allows property access [ ] on strings:
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text[0];
Try it Yourself »
Note
Property access might be a little unpredictable:
It makes strings look like arrays (but they are not)
If no character is found, [ ] returns undefined, while charAt() returns an empty string.
It is read only. str[0] = "A" gives no error (but does not work!)
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
text[0] = "A"; // Gives no error, but does not work
Try it Yourself »
Converting a String to an Array
If you want to work with a string as an array, you can convert it to an array.
JavaScript String split()
A string can be converted to an array with the split() method:
Example
text.split(",") // Split on commas
text.split(" ") // Split on spaces
text.split("|") // Split on pipe
Try it Yourself »
If the separator is omitted, the returned array will contain the whole string
in index [0].
If the separator is "", the returned array will be an array of single
characters:
Example
text.split("")
Try it Yourself »
Complete String Reference
For a complete String reference, go to our:
Complete JavaScript String Reference.
The reference contains descriptions and examples of all string properties and methods.
Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Convert the text into an UPPERCASE text:
let txt = "Hello World!";
txt = txt.;
Submit Answer »
Start the Exercise
★
+1
Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_string_methods.asp
String length
String slice()
String substring()
String substr()
String replace()
String replaceAll()
String toUpperCase()
String toLowerCase()
String concat()
String trim()
String trimStart()
String trimEnd()
String padStart()
String padEnd()
String charAt()
String charCodeAt()
String split()
Note
String search methods are covered in the next chapter.
JavaScript String Length
The length property returns the length of a string:
Example
let text = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
let length = text.length;
Try it Yourself »
Extracting String Parts
There are 3 methods for extracting a part of a string:
slice(start, end)
substring(start, end)
substr(start, length)
JavaScript String slice()
slice() extracts a part of a string and returns the
extracted part in a new string.
The method takes 2 parameters: start position, and end position (end not included).
Example
Slice out a portion of a string from position 7 to position 13:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(7, 13);
Try it Yourself »
Note
JavaScript counts positions from zero.
First position is 0.
Second position is 1.
Examples
If you omit the second parameter, the method will slice out the rest of the string:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(7);
Try it Yourself »
If a parameter is negative, the position is counted from the end of the string:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(-12);
Try it Yourself »
This example slices out a portion of a string from position -12 to position -6:
let text = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = text.slice(-12, -6);
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String substring()
substring() is similar to slice().
The difference is that start and end values less than 0 are treated as 0 in
substring().
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substring(7, 13);
Try it Yourself »
If you omit the second parameter, substring() will slice out the rest of the
string.
JavaScript String substr()
substr() is similar to slice().
The difference is
that the second parameter specifies the length
of the extracted part.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(7, 6);
Try it Yourself »
If you omit the second parameter, substr() will slice out the rest of the
string.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(7);
Try it Yourself »
If the first parameter is negative, the position counts from the end of the
string.
Example
let str = "Apple, Banana, Kiwi";
let part = str.substr(-4);
Try it Yourself »
Replacing String Content
The replace() method replaces a specified value with another
value in a string:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("Microsoft", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The replace() method does not change the string it is called on.
The replace() method returns a new string.
The replace() method replaces only the first match
If you want to replace all matches, use a regular expression with the /g flag set. See examples below.
By default, the replace() method replaces only the first match:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft and Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("Microsoft", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
By default, the replace() method is case sensitive. Writing MICROSOFT (with
upper-case) will not work:
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace("MICROSOFT", "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
To replace case insensitive, use a regular expression with an /i flag (insensitive):
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace(/MICROSOFT/i, "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
Regular expressions are written without quotes.
To replace all matches, use a regular expression with a /g flag (global match):
Example
let text = "Please visit Microsoft and Microsoft!";
let newText = text.replace(/Microsoft/g, "W3Schools");
Try it Yourself »
Note
You will learn a lot more about regular expressions in the chapter JavaScript Regular
Expressions.
JavaScript String ReplaceAll()
In 2021, JavaScript introduced the string method replaceAll():
Example
text = text.replaceAll("Cats","Dogs");
text = text.replaceAll("cats","dogs");
Try it Yourself »
The replaceAll() method allows you to specify a
regular expression instead of a string to be replaced.
If the parameter is a regular expression, the global flag (g) must be set, otherwise
a TypeError is thrown.
Example
text = text.replaceAll(/Cats/g,"Dogs");
text = text.replaceAll(/cats/g,"dogs");
Try it Yourself »
Note
replaceAll() is an ES2021 feature.
replaceAll() does not work in Internet Explorer.
Converting to Upper and Lower Case
A string is converted to upper case with toUpperCase():
A string is converted to lower case with toLowerCase():
JavaScript String toUpperCase()
Example
let text1 = "Hello World!";
let text2 = text1.toUpperCase();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String toLowerCase()
Example
let text1 = "Hello World!"; // String
let text2 = text1.toLowerCase(); // text2 is text1
converted to lower
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String concat()
concat() joins two or more strings:
Example
let text1 = "Hello";
let text2 = "World";
let text3 = text1.concat(" ", text2);
Try it Yourself »
The concat() method can be used instead of the plus operator.
These two lines do the same:
Example
text = "Hello" + " " + "World!";
text = "Hello".concat(" ", "World!");
Note
All string methods return a new string. They don't modify the original string.
Formally said:Strings are immutable: Strings cannot be changed, only replaced.
JavaScript String trim()
The trim() method removes whitespace from both sides of a string:
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trim();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimStart()
ECMAScript 2019 added the String method trimStart() to JavaScript.
The trimStart() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the start of a string.
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trimStart();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimStart() is supported in all modern browsers since January 2020:
Chrome 66
Edge 79
Firefox 61
Safari 12
Opera 50
Apr 2018
Jan 2020
Jun 2018
Sep 2018
May 2018
JavaScript String trimEnd()
ECMAScript 2019 added the string method trimEnd() to JavaScript.
The trimEnd() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the end of a string.
Example
let text1 = " Hello World! ";
let text2 = text1.trimEnd();
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String trimEnd() is supported in all modern browsers since January 2020:
Chrome 66
Edge 79
Firefox 61
Safari 12
Opera 50
Apr 2018
Jan 2020
Jun 2018
Sep 2018
May 2018
JavaScript String Padding
ECMAScript 2017 added two new string methods to JavaScript: padStart()
and padEnd() to support padding at the beginning and at the end of a string.
JavaScript String padStart()
The padStart() method pads a string from the start.
It pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given length.
Examples
Pad a string with "0" until it reaches the length 4:
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padStart(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Pad a string with "x" until it reaches the length 4:
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padStart(4,"x");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The padStart() method is a string method.
To pad a number, convert the number to a string first.
See the example below.
Example
let numb = 5;
let text = numb.toString();
let padded = text.padStart(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Browser Support
padStart() is an ECMAScript 2017 feature.
It is supported in all modern browsers:
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Safari
Opera
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
padStart() is not supported in Internet Explorer.
JavaScript String padEnd()
The padEnd() method pads a string from the end.
It pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given length.
Examples
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
let text = "5";
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"x");
Try it Yourself »
Note
The padEnd() method is a string method.
To pad a number, convert the number to a string first.
See the example below.
Example
let numb = 5;
let text = numb.toString();
let padded = text.padEnd(4,"0");
Try it Yourself »
Browser Support
padEnd() is an ECMAScript 2017 feature.
It is supported in all modern browsers:
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Safari
Opera
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
padEnd() is not supported in Internet Explorer.
Extracting String Characters
There are 3 methods for extracting string characters:
charAt(position)
charCodeAt(position)
Property access [ ]
JavaScript String charAt()
The charAt() method returns the character at a specified
index (position) in a string:
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text.charAt(0);
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript String charCodeAt()
The charCodeAt() method returns the unicode of the character
at a specified index in a string:
The method returns a UTF-16 code (an integer between 0 and 65535).
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text.charCodeAt(0);
Try it Yourself »
Property Access
ECMAScript 5 (2009) allows property access [ ] on strings:
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
let char = text[0];
Try it Yourself »
Note
Property access might be a little unpredictable:
It makes strings look like arrays (but they are not)
If no character is found, [ ] returns undefined, while charAt() returns an empty string.
It is read only. str[0] = "A" gives no error (but does not work!)
Example
let text = "HELLO WORLD";
text[0] = "A"; // Gives no error, but does not work
Try it Yourself »
Converting a String to an Array
If you want to work with a string as an array, you can convert it to an array.
JavaScript String split()
A string can be converted to an array with the split() method:
Example
text.split(",") // Split on commas
text.split(" ") // Split on spaces
text.split("|") // Split on pipe
Try it Yourself »
If the separator is omitted, the returned array will contain the whole string
in index [0].
If the separator is "", the returned array will be an array of single
characters:
Example
text.split("")
Try it Yourself »
Complete String Reference
For a complete String reference, go to our:
Complete JavaScript String Reference.
The reference contains descriptions and examples of all string properties and methods.
Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Convert the text into an UPPERCASE text:
let txt = "Hello World!";
txt = txt.;
Submit Answer »
Start the Exercise
★
+1
Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_string_methods.asp